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For the calculation of buckling ratio, several methods can be applied.
The general method is described in chapter ""Calculation buckling ratio – general formula"".
For crossing diagonals, the buckling ratio is explained in chapter ""Calculation buckling ratios for crossing diagonals"".
For VARH elements, the critical Euler force is calculated according to the method given in chapter ""Calculation of critical Euler force for VARH elements"".
For lattice tower members, see the chapter ""Calculation buckling ratio for lattice tower members"".
When using member buckling data the buckling ratio can be calculated from a stability analysis. See chapter Calculation of buckling ratio – From Stability Analysis.