Displaying the internal forces on slabs (PPEv16)

The procedure to display the internal forces

Open service Results.
Select function 2D members > Internal forces.
Select the slabs for the display of results.
Select the required type of loads.
Select the quantity to be displayed.
Select the drawing style.
If required, change the Drawing setup.
Set any other parameter.
If necessary, regenerate the diagrams.

Parameters for display of results

Name

Specifies the name of the current result quantity.

Selection

Specifies on which slabs the results are to be displayed. Read chapter Selecting the 1D members for display for more information.

Type of loads

The results can be displayed for calculated load cases or combinations or classes.

Load cases / Combinations / Class

This item select the particular load case / combination / class for the display.

Filter

The display can be limited to slabs of certain name, material, thickness, etc.

System

The result quantities (except those displayed in principal directions) can be displayed in several coordinate systems.

Local = local coordinate system of individual finite elements.

UCS = user-defined coordinate system

UCS polar = user-defined polar coordinate system

LCS - Member 2D = local coordinate system of the 2D element

Rotation

The results can be displayed in the direction that is rotated by the given angle from the direction specified above.

Averaging of peaks

If ON, the peak values in the corners of 2D members are averaged.

Location

The program calculates result values in the nodes of individual finite elements. If required, these results can be further processed to obtain "better" displayed values. For more read chapter Averaging of results in FE nodes.

Type of forces

It is possible to select from three types of result values:

Basic magnitude = Results in local slab axes are displayed.

Principal magnitude = Results in principal axes are evaluated.

Dimensional magnitude = Quantities for design are calculated.

Envelope

For envelope combinations and for result classes, it is possible to select the minimum or maximum "branch" of the envelope should be displayed.

Drawing

The results can be displayed using several different techniques:

Standard = isolines / isobands are used.

Section = distribution of the quantity along defined section(s) is displayed

Resultant = the resultant over defined sections is displayed

Section+ Standard = combines the two above-mentioned techniques

Trajectories = the trajectories of the quantity are displayed (useful e.g. for principal magnitudes).

Read also chapter Isolines Setup for more information and illustrative examples

Values

Here the required quantity is selected.

Text output

This parameter is available only if type of load is set to "class".

Extreme

This parameter says what type extreme is indicated in the screen.

Drawing setup

This button can be used to set additional parameter for the display style.

Type of forces

As mentioned above, there are three different types of force. The following tables summarise individual options.

Basic magnitude

Project: plate

bending moment of 2D member in x direction

bending moment of 2D member in y direction

mxy

torsion moment of 2D member

shear force perpendicular to plane of 2D member in x direction

shear force perpendicular to plane of 2D member in y direction

Project: wall

normal force of 2D member in x direction

normal force of 2D member in y direction

nxy

membrane shear force of 2D member

Project: general (shell)

bending moment of 2D member in x direction

bending moment of 2D member in y direction

mxy

torsion moment of 2D member

shear force perpendicular to plane of 2D member in x direction

shear force perpendicular to plane of 2D member in y direction

normal force of 2D member in x direction

normal force of 2D member in y direction

nxy

membrane shear force of 2D member

Principal magnitude

Note: Lower index "m" at the quantity name means the membrane component. Lower index "b" at the quantity name means the bending component.

Project: plate

m1, m2	principal moments
alfa	angle between the direction of m1 and planar axis xP
mtmax	maximal torque moment
qmax	maximal shear force

Project: wall

n1, n2	principal axial forces
alfa	angle between the direction of n1 and planar axis xP

Project: general (shell)

m1, m2	principal moment
alfab	angle between the direction of m1 and planar axis xP
qmax-b	maximal shear force from bending effects
beta	angle between the direction of qmxo and planar axis xP
n1, n2	principal axial forces
alfam	angle between the direction of n1 and planar axis xP
qmax-m	maximal shear force from membrane effects

Design magnitude

Project: plate	mxD+, myD+, mcD+, mxD–, myD–, mcD–
Project: wall	nxD, nyD, ncD
Project: general (shell)	mxD+, myD+, mcD+, mxD–, myD–, mcD–, nxD, nyD, ncD

Design moments in slabs that are related to the surface with positive element coordinate and are marked with + (plus sign). Dimension moments in slabs that are elated to the surface with negative element coordinate and are marked with – (minus sign).

Design forces in a wall are in the middle plane.

Corresponding surface of action of design moments in shells is given directly by the sigh of the moment.

See also chapters Principal internal forces and Design internal forces.